Scientific Research Journal, Volume XI, Issue VI, June 2023 Edition

Scientific Research Journal

Scirj Volume XI, Issue VI, June 2023 Edition
ISSN: 2201-2796

Publication starts: 25th June 2023
Full Paper available from: 25th June 2023

Review on Foot and mouth Disease vaccine immunogenicity and Vaccination Failure
Demessa Negessu, Alemu Kebede

Abstract: Foot and mouth disease is a contagious virus affecting cloven-hoofed animals and is caused by the FMD virus, which has seven serotypes. The serotype, genotype, and topotype differences of the virus make it a challenge to control the disease. Therefore, vaccination was the most favorable of the other controlling mechanisms. In this review, we analyze different FMD vaccines in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. Among all deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines, vaccines were the most useful and had the fewest disadvantages due to their best efficacy, reduced vaccine dose, and low toxicity. However, vaccine failure factors are the greatest challenges during or after vaccination to control the virus for all vaccine types. Before and during vaccination, vaccine handling, site vaccine administration, and temperature were great challenges. Mainly, temperature affects the protein particles of the virus that cause direct reactions with the immune system. To summarize them, vaccine failures occur due to mismatching of the vaccine strain and the wild one, inhibition activity of maternal antibodies from colostrum, and parasite infestation (shifting the balance of the immune system from a TH1 to a TH2 type, whereas several vaccine-induced immunizations rely on the TH1 responses). Additionally, vaccine efficacy and vaccination coverage are the two fundamental factors in generating the preferred level of herd immunity against FMD in the field, which causes vaccine failure. Furthermore, the concentration of protein particles has a direct correlation with antibody production. In general, this review sums up the vaccine failure and different FMD vaccine immunogenicities in short form.

Read Full Paper

Reference this paper

Page 1-7

AN OVERVIEW OF NAVAL SHIPS
Dr. Khandakar Akhter Hossain

Abstract: The navy is a costly endeavor that typically employs advanced technology and combat tactics. Naval or war ships are specifically crafted for naval combat and peacetime roles. They differ from merchant ships in terms of purpose, design, construction, operation, and deployment. Warships serve as the primary means of projecting military power at sea and along coastal areas. Navy ships are typically constructed using specialized steel alloys that enhance their resilience to damage during enemy attacks. Most naval platforms or war ships are equipped with reliable and redundant propulsion systems, advanced weapon and sensor systems, with the exception of troop transporters. Warships are capable of operating independently or in conjunction with a squadron of specialized ships, with the fleet commander traveling aboard the flagship. These powerful ships, known as the fleet, are the most potent vessels in the group. Navy ships are classified into different categories based on their capabilities, size, and purpose . Naval ships have been designed since ancient times to be faster and more stable than merchant ships and to carry offensive weaponry. They range from massive aircraft carriers to agile fast attack crafts. Among the various naval platforms, submarines are the stealthiest, powerful, formidable, and expensive. The navy possesses a diverse array of ships in its fleet , including well-known types such as aircraft carriers, submarines, assault ships, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, and mine counter vessels.

Read Full Paper

Reference this paper

Page 8-63

TECHNOLOGIAL INNOVATION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES IN STATE SECURITY
Dr. Khandakar Akhter Hossain

Abstract: Technology encompasses the practical application of scientific knowledge to meet human needs and enhance various aspects of life. It involves the creation and utilization of technical tools across disciplines like engineering, industrial arts, and applied and pure sciences. Innovation, on the other hand, refers to the development of new products, ideas, or methods. It involves incorporating novel steps and approaches to introduce these innovations into the market or public sphere. Technological development involves the creation, advancement, and widespread adoption of new technologies or processes. Thomas Edison, a renowned inventor, played a significant role in promoting technological development through his numerous patents and establishment of the world first industrial research laboratory. The use of automation and technological advancements has simplified physical tasks but has also increased the complexity of mental and cognitive abilities required by industrial operators. Presenting technological developments through visual formats can aid in better understanding. Throughout history, technological advancements have influenced warfare and international security, with recent developments like nuclear technology and unmanned vehicles impacting deterrence and reducing casualties. The accelerating pace of technological change poses challenges and opportunities for state security, requiring analysis and potential solutions to address security implications and emerging risks.

Read Full Paper

Reference this paper

Page 64-76